Fairywren Project

Mar

2022

A big Fairywren Project update for 2022

Hi friends of the Fairywren Project,

To our new followers, welcome! To our continuing followers, sorry it has taken so long to get an update to you! 2021 was a busy year. If you’re short on time we’ll summarize here and expand below:

Update summary:

The Fairywren Project is entering an exciting phase. We’re about 3.5 years old and you’ve submitted over 14,000 eBird checklists! We’re working on your checklist data but in the meantime, we have two research papers we’ve recently finished: one on hybridisation in Fairywrens, and another analyzing the group size data that Allison and I collected during our survey trips in 2018 and 2019. The hybrids paper should be published in the next month or two and the group size paper should hopefully come out in the next six months or so.

2021 was busy, plans for 2022:

I finished my PhD at the end of 2020, then Allison and I spent most of 2021 pursuing research grants to fund field work to supplement the data you are collecting. We see your data as representing the broad, continental patterns occurring in fairywren plumages and group sizes, then we’re hoping to eventually do more focused research that will help us uncover the mechanisms underlying the patterns that your data reveal. Receiving this extra funding is not required for the Fairywren Project to succeed, but it will give us an opportunity to connect the broad scale patterns you are helping to uncover to more fine-scale social processes. In the meantime, I accepted a postdoc position studying Mountain Chickadees in the Sierra Nevada mountains in the U.S. (read more on these fascinating birds here). I’ll be in this position for 2-4 years and during this time, Allison and I will continue our Fairywren Project work while balancing the work required of our research positions. We’re excited for what’s next!

Research coming out soon:

Hybridisation in Fairywrens – if you’re on our email list, you may have seen back in February of last year we sent out a call asking if anyone had ever seen a hybrid fairywren. As teased above in the summary, we’re excited to report that our paper in collaboration with photographers from across the country is now accepted for publication in Australian Field Ornithology, a scientific journal published by Birdlife Australia. This paper documents three new instances of hybridisation in fairywrens and provides further details on a previously-reported fourth instance. The paper should be available in the next month or two. We’ll send a link when it is published so you can learn more about this neat topic. We’ll also update the fairywren hybrids portion of our website at that time.

Group size variation in fairywrens in relation to environmental variation – if you’ve been with us since we launched the project, you might remember that back in 2018 and 2019 Allison and I traveled from southern Victoria north to Broken Hill, NSW, recording fairywren group sizes and plumages along the way. These two trips were our proof-of-concept trips where we were trying out the methods you are using to report group sizes and plumage data. We’re excited to say that these observations turned up some interesting patterns and we’ve now submitted a paper detailing these patterns.

Now that we’ve sent the paper to the journal, an editor at the journal will send the paper to two or three reviewers who will read the paper and give us comments back on it, including whether they agree with our interpretations of the data. This process often takes 2 months or longer, then based on the reviews we’ll have an opportunity to revise the paper and resubmit it. We’re hoping this publication should be out in six months or so. If you cannot wait and want to know the results right away, we’ve posted a pre-print online that you can check out here. This is a pre-publication version of the paper, so it will be revised once we receive reviews, but pre-prints are a common tool to get ideas out quickly, provide access to a wider audience, and get feedback on the research prior to publication.

Next research goals:

Group size variation in fairywrens using your data – our publication of our transect data is a small taste of the data you’ve been submitting on group sizes through your eBird checklists. One of our next projects is to see if the same trends we saw in our transect occur on a continent-wide scale using your checklist data, and to see how these trends vary across species. Allison is currently working on these analyses.

Prevalence of year-round bright plumage in fairywrens – most male fairywrens moult into dull (brown) plumage at the end of the breeding season, however, research by Ana Leitão and colleagues suggested that male Lovely Fairywrens keep bright plumage year-round. It is also recognized that in multiple other species of fairywrens, old males sometimes remain in ornamented plumage year-round, but it appears they are not able to do this for multiple years in a row. However, these observations only come from single study sites, or at most a few populations per species. One of the next questions we’re hoping to answer is: is year-round bright plumage a widespread phenomenon?

Based on previous research, we only expect a few males in each population to do this each year, but the data you’ve been submitting over the last couple years offer an incredible opportunity to answer this question. Just think if one researcher were to try to answer this question alone, it might make for a fun trip, but it would be impossible to visit as many populations as you have provided data on! Just look at the map below to see how extensive your data are. We expect that year-round bright plumage will be a widespread phenomenon, at least for a couple males in each population each year. However, if it’s not that will be a very interesting result too. Either way, we’re looking forward to seeing what your data show and we’ll keep you updated. And keep submitting data when you can! Observations you submit now through August 2022 (the approximate start of the next breeding season) will likely make it into the final version of this paper.

A further note on funding:

Sometimes participants ask us if they can contribute financially to the Fairywren Project. For those that have asked, thank you for your generosity. However, we always redirect these offers because we don’t think this is a project that can be supported by participant donations alone. Our primary source of support comes from large granting agencies.

Instead, if you want to contribute financially to bird research, consider donating to Birdlife Australia. They’re a great conservation and research organization and the number one advocate for birds in Australia. Also consider a project called Wing Threads, they are currently raising money through around March 8^th to fund a ultralight trip around Australia highlighting the plight of shorebirds. For us, just send us your plumage and group size observations via eBird!

A note on data quality:

Almost all of you are submitting observations that are easily interpretable and high quality, but a few participants appear to be submitting plumage observations using only “male” and “female” codes. Male and female codes alone do not give us much information to work with because males can come in multiple plumage types. If you can, either use our suggested codes: bright (b), intermediate (i), dull (d), female (f), juvenile (j), or something similar that is easily interpretable for us. For example, if you say “moulting male” we know that’s an intermediate male, if you say “brown male” we know that’s a dull male. Thanks!

Thank you to everyone who has contributed! Please let us know if you have any questions via fairywrenproject@gmail.com. Look for the link to the paper on hybridisation in fairywrens soon and until then, happy birding!

Joe and Allison

P.S. We hope you're all safe despite the crazy floods on the east coast.

Jul

2020

January-April 2020 Data Update

Greetings, friends!

We hope this message finds you well during trying times. It’s been ages since we’ve last sent out an update but we’re very encouraged to see you’ve been busy! Thank you! Allison and I have been busy applying for funding to expand the Fairywren Project and turn it into our full-time research while also completing some other projects.

I (Joe) have been finishing up my PhD research on the social and ecological drivers of moult into nuptial plumage in Red-backed Fairywrens and I plan to defend my PhD sometime this spring (southern hemisphere)/fall (northern hemisphere). My collaborators and I are finding some really interesting results for the Red-backed Fairywrens. It turns out that how social Red-backed Fairywren groups are during the winter depends on weather conditions. In wet periods, the birds are less social and more territorial, while in dry periods they sometimes form large flocks, potentially to work together to find food. During my work we sometimes saw flocks in dry periods that contained 35 Red-backed Fairywrens at once! Talk about a lot of tiny birds to keep track of.

These findings are really exciting because they’re a tiny window into what we’re hoping to find with the data you’re submitting to us through eBird. Will all Red-backed Fairywren populations behave the same way my study population near Brisbane did? Will all fairywren species respond to rainfall in the same way? We don’t know! Preliminary evidence indicates that different species do respond to their environment in different ways, but we have lots more work to do.

Allison has been publishing more of her work from her study population of Purple-backed and Splendid Fairywrens outside of Adelaide. Some new work from her and her colleagues will be important in furthering our understanding of why fairywrens are social in the first place. The cooperative breeding we see in fairywrens is really quite odd in the animal world. For fairywrens it’s common that a young male will remain with his parents in his first breeding season and help his parents raise his siblings, but in some species like Purple-backed Fairywrens even young females will even join a group and help raise the group’s offspring!

Once we complete these previous commitments, we’ll be really diving into the data you’ve been sending us for the last year and a half now. In every grant application we’re submitting we have been including your participation numbers as evidence of the power of citizen science and the team we can make together. So thank you for your help!

And you have been busy, here are our numbers from August 2018-April 2020. So good to see more checklists coming in from all over Australia!

Let us know if you have any interesting observations or good pictures! We always enjoy seeing them.

Joe and Allison

Feb

2019

August-December Data Update

Our August-December data update has arrived! We've pooled all of your sightings during this period and are extremely pleased to report that our numbers have grown way more than we ever expected they could. We're up to 256 participants and 1798 checklists with plumage and/or group data! Thank you all very much for your effort and contributions to the project, every single sighting helps!

You can find the social media slides we've made for this update below. Now that we have the data in hand we're starting to analyze it and will look to have some results to you in a month or two. In the meantime, expect sooner than that an update on some of our findings from the transect we did at the beginning of December. We're working on those analyses currently.

This is the time of year when most fairywren males are moulting out of bright plumage as breeding is coming to a close. Although in Superb Fairywrens and Red-backed Fairywrens, old males can sometimes maintain bright plumage year-round. There's reason to believe this is probably true for the other species as well. As you're out birding, gardening, or walking the dog, keep us in mind! All fairywren sightings are important to us, but we're especially curious this time of year how common it is for males to moult from bright plumage to bright plumage, how many species this occurs in, and how it differs across environments.

Thank you for your participation and interest! Looking forward to sharing some results with you soon.

-Joe and Allison

Dec

2018

Preliminary Transect Results

We completed our transect! In 8 days of birding, we traveled from Brookfield Conservation Park, east to Bendigo, then north to Broken Hill, saw 419 individual fairywrens, drove 2500kms, and saw many bird species new to us. Allison and I were joined by our good friend, Ian Hoppe, an expert birder and experienced field technician. This is a preliminary update on some of the discoveries and observations we made during the transect. We’ll follow up with a more in-depth update sometime after the Holiday season.

Finding #1: Superb Fairywrens are everywhere! Before our transect, we thought of Superbs as a species common around human-influenced habitat, including gardens and roadsides, but also common to natural habitat boundaries, like forest-grassland edges, or anywhere where shrubby bushes like lantana are common. But now after the transect, we realize just how adaptable this species really is, and how many habitats they can live in.

Our finding began while searching for Purple-backed Fairywrens in Bendigo National Park just north of Bendigo, NSW. We were in a fairly tall eucalypt forest with a low shrub understory that looked like perfect habitat for Purple-backeds. Naturally, when we first heard fairywren calls, we all looked at each other with excitement, spread out to increase our chances of seeing the birds, and ran over to where the calls were coming from. Allison stopped first and said “I see a bright male Superb…”, I thought she was mistaken at first so I pressed forward, but then Ian confirmed, and I saw for myself. Sure enough, two bright male Superbs popped up out of the understory and flew off, followed by a female!

Superb Fairywren Habitat from Bendigo National Park

This scenario repeated itself over and over again, showing that, unbeknownst to us, Superb Fairywrens can indeed live in the forest. But it only got weirder from there. Next, we found Superb Fairywrens overlapping with White-winged Fairywrens in a salt-lake habitat dominated by short saltwort bushes. While published research has shown these species can overlap, seeing a dry-dwelling, inland species like the White-wings overlap with a wet-dwelling, coastal species like Superbs in person was still surprising.

Salt lake habitat where we found Superbs and White-wings overlapping. Compare how different this habitat is to the Bendigo National Park photos above. Superbs are so adaptable!

The ultimate kicker was when we made it up to Broken Hill, our site furthest north, and deepest into the outback. Allison discovered a pair of Superb Fairywrens (one bright male and a female) living in the garden of a local school while on walk. Granted, the habitat in that garden did not look too different from gardens along the east coast, as there were large bushes and shrubs and the vegetation was fairly green, but if you’ve ever looked at a map of NSW, you’ll know that Broken Hill is surrounded by nothing but outback dirt and sheep stations for at least 200kms on all sides. Before Allison’s sighting, Superb Fairywrens had never been seen as far inland as Broken Hill (according to eBird). Given the unlikeliness of the population actually ranging that far naturally (most sightings cut off around Mildura, VIC when heading north into NSW), we’re wondering if this is a small introduced population. We spent a little bit of time looking for the birds again the next day, but could not relocate them. So if you’re ever passing through Broken Hill and see Superb Fairywrens we’d love to know!

Finding #2: Purple-backed and White-winged fairywren habitat is extremely fragmented at the southern end of their ranges in Victoria, especially for the White-wings. This finding made us wonder how these birds adapt to their surroundings and whether birds are able to move between populations at all.

Finding #3: Any Aussie could probably have told us this before we left, but it was fun to see for ourselves: the habitat between Bendigo and Broken Hill is so different and can change so quickly! It was really fun to watch as the plant and animal communities changed as we travelled along the rainfall gradient from wet to dry.

Look for a more detailed update with some data come January/February. Until then, happy holidays! Keep us in mind when you’re out birding! Sightings at all times of year are important to our project. And as always, let us know if you have any ideas about the questions we raised here, or if you have any observations that match with ours or are different from ours! Get in touch via facebook (Fairywren Project) or email: fairywrenproject@gmail.com.

Joe, Allison, and Ian